Stable expression of Mycobacterium bovis antigen 85B in auxotrophic M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin

BACKGROUND Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is a zoonotic disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis, responsible for causing major losses in livestock. A cost effective alternative to control the disease could be herd vaccination. The bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has a limited efficacy against bovine TB, but can improved by over-expression of protective antigens. The M. bovis antigen 85B demonstrates ability to induce protective immune response against bovine TB in animal models. However, current systems for the construction of recombinant BCG expressing multiple copies of the gene result in strains of low genetic stability that rapidly lose the plasmid in vivo. Employing antibiotic resistance as selective markers, these systems also compromise vaccine safety. We previously reported the construction of a stable BCG expression system using auxotrophic complementation as a selectable marker. OBJECTIVES The fundamental aim of this study was to construct strains of M. bovis BCG Pasteur and the auxotrophic M. bovis BCG ΔleuD expressing Ag85B and determine their stability in vivo. METHODS Employing the auxotrophic system, we constructed rBCG strains that expressed M. bovis Ag85B and compared their stability with a conventional BCG strain in mice. Stability was measured in terms of bacterial growth on the selective medium and retention of antigen expression. FINDINGS The auxotrophic complementation system was highly stable after 18 weeks, even during in vivo growth, as the selective pressure and expression of antigen were maintained comparing to the conventional vector. MAIN CONCLUSION The Ag85B continuous expression within the host may generate a stronger and long-lasting immune response compared to conventional systems.

The use of halloysite clay and carboxyl-functionalised multi-walled carbon nanotubes for recombinant LipL32 antigen delivery enhanced the IgG response

We studied the feasibility of using halloysite clay nanotubes (HNTs) and carboxyl-functionalised multi-walled carbon nanotubes (COOH-MWCNTs) as antigen carriers to improve immune responses against a recombinant LipL32 protein (rLipL32). Immunisation using the HNTs or COOH-MWCNTs significantly increased the rLipL32-specific IgG antibody titres (p < 0.05) of Golden Syrian hamsters. None of the vaccines tested conferred protection against a challenge using a virulent Leptospira interrogans strain. These results demonstrated that nanotubes can be used as antigen carriers for delivery in hosts and the induction of a humoral immune response against purified leptospiral antigens used in subunit vaccine preparations.

Uncommon non-oncogenic HPV genotypes, TP53 and MDM2 genes polymorphisms in HIV-infected women in Southern Brazil

Background: It is believed that Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus coinfection contributes to increase the risk for cervical intraepithelial injuries. Several factors may contribute to cervical cancer (CC) development, including genetic variants such as TP53 and MDM2 gene polymorphisms. Materials and methods: A hundred HIV-infected women were examined for HPV detection and its genotypes, as well as the frequencies of the SNPs Arg72Pro and SNP309 and their associations with CC risk factors. Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (nPCR) was used for HPV detection and PCR-RFLP for TP53 and MDM2 SNP309 genotyping. Results: HPV DNA was detected in 68% of samples. A higher frequency of low-risk HPV genotypes (66.7%) was observed when compared to high-risk genotypes (33.3%). Nine different HPV genotypes were identified, with the highest prevalence of HPV-6, followed by HPV-16 and 31. p53 Arg72Arg and SNP309 TG genotype were the most prevalent. HPV genotyping was performed by sequencing. Conclusion: The data obtained suggest that HIV-infected women are more susceptible to be infected by low-risk HPV (LR-HPV) genotypes than by high-risk (HR-HPV), and Pro72Pro of TP53 gene and TG of MDM2 SNP309 genotypes apparently seem to be protective factors among HIV-infected women for HPV acquisition and HR-HPV infection, respectively, in a sample of Southern Brazilian woman. Future investigations in larger populations are necessary to better understand the potential roles of these SNPs and the behavior of non-oncogenic HPV genotypes in HIV-mediated immunosuppression cases. .

High incidence of oncogenic HPV genotypes found in women from Southern Brazil

Oncogenic HPV genotypes are strongly associated with premalignant and malignant cervical lesion. The purpose was to determine human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence and genotypes, and to estimate cervical cancer risk factor associations. Cervical samples were obtained from 251 women seeking gynecological care at the Pelotas School of Medicine Clinic. This is a cross-sectional study. HPV-DNA was amplified by nested-PCR using MY09/11 and GP5/6 primers, and the sequencing was used for genotyping. Sociodemographic and behavioral risk factors were obtained by closed questionnaire, and its relationship to HPV infection prevalence were analyzed. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 16.0 software, and differences were considered significant at p < 0.05. As results, the prevalence of HPV infection was 29.9%. The most frequent genotype was HPV-16 (41.3%), followed by HPV-18 (17.3%), and HPV-33 (9.3%). Others nine HPV genotypes were also found. On this population, prevalence of oncogenic HPV genotypes was high, but does not seem to confer relationship with the risk factors investigated. Future investigations in larger populations are necessary, for the proposition of more appropriated monitoring strategies and treatment according to the Brazilian health service reality, as well as patients.

Comparison between two methods for molecular characterization of human papillomavirus

A sensitive method of detection for Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is important to facilitate the early treatment of cervical cancer precursors.Objective: to analyze the spectrum of HPV infection and compare the sensibility of DNA HPV detection using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nestedPCR (nPCR) methods in a group of 251 women of Pelotas-RS. Methods: genomic DNA was extracted from the collected samples and was submitted toPCR methods with the primers MY09/11 and nPCR with the pair of primers MY09/MY11 and GP5+/6+. The results were applied to the softwares Epi-Info v.3.5.1* and STATA v.11 * for analyzes. Results: the prevalence of HPV infection was 6.8% with the use of primers MY09/11. When associated withprimers GP5/6, this result increased to 29.9% (p < 0.001). Conclusion: the increase founded in HPV DNA detection from 6.8 to 29.9% suggests that thetechnique of nPCR MY09/11 followed by GP5/6 is the most sensitive method to detect HPV DNA from cervical specimens.

Characterization of a virulent Leptospira interrogans strain isolated from an abandoned swimming pool

Pathogenic Leptospira spp. are the etiological agents of leptospirosis, an important disease of both humans and animals. In urban settings, L. interrogans serovars are the predominant cause of disease in humans. The purpose of this study was to characterize a novel Leptospira isolate recovered from an abandoned swimming pool. Molecular characterization through sequencing of the rpoB gene revealed 100% identity with L. interrogans and variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) analysis resulted in a banding pattern identical to L. interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae, serovar Copenhageni or Icterohaemorrhagiae. The virulence of the strain was determined in a hamster model of lethal leptospirosis. The lethal dose 50% (LD50) was calculated to be two leptospires in female hamsters and a histopathological examination of infected animals found typical lesions associated with severe leptospirosis, including renal epithelium degeneration, hepatic karyomegaly, liver-plate disarray and lymphocyte infiltration. This highly virulent strain is now available for use in further studies, especially evaluation of vaccine candidates.

Neuropeptide Y gene expression around meal time in the Brazilian flounder Paralichthys orbignyanus.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is considered the major stimulant for food intake in mammals and fish. Previous results indicate that NPY is involved in the feeding behaviour of the Brazilian flounder, Paralichthys orbignyanus. In this study, we evaluated hypothalamic NPY expression before (−2 h), during (0 h) and after feeding (+2 h) in two independent experiments: (1) during a normal feeding schedule and (2) in fish fasted for 2 weeks. During normal feeding, changes in the levels of NPY mRNA were periprandial, with expression levels being significantly elevated at meal time (P<0.05) and significantly reduced 2 h later (P<0.05). Comparing the fasting and unfasted groups, NPY mRNA levels were significantly higher (P<0.05) at −2 h and +2 h in the fasting group, but there was no difference at 0 h. In addition, the higher NPY mRNA levels that were observed in the fasting group were maintained throughout the sampling period. In summary, our results show that NPY expression was associated with meal time (0 h) in food intake regulation.

Diagnosis of canine leptospirosis using an immunomagnetic separation-PCR method

Diagnosis of leptospirosis by PCR is hampered due to the presence of substances on biological fluids. Here, we report an immunomagnetic separation step prior to PCR which improved the detection of Leptospira spp. in blood and urine samples from dogs. It resulted in a significant improvement on sensitivity for diagnosis of canine leptospirosis.

Rational design of diagnostic and vaccination strategies for tuberculosis

The development of diagnostic tests which can readily differentiate between vaccinated and tuberculosis-infected individuals is crucial for the wider utilization of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) as vaccine in humans and animals. BCG_0092 is an antigen that elicits specific delayed type hypersensitivity reactions similar in size and morphological aspects to that elicited by purified protein derivative, in both animals and humans infected with the tubercle bacilli. We carried out bioinformatics analyses of the BCG_0092 and designed a diagnostic test by using the predicted MHC class I epitopes. In addition, we performed a knockout of this gene by homologous recombination in the BCG vaccine strain to allow differentiation of vaccinated from infected individuals. For that, the flanking sequences of the target gene (BCG_0092)were cloned into a suicide vector. Spontaneous double crossovers, which result in wild type revertants or knockouts were selected using SacB. BCG_0092 is present only in members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Eight predicted MHC class I epitopes with potential for immunological diagnosis were defined, allowing the design of a specific diagnostic test. The strategy used to delete the (BCG_0092) gene from BCG was successful. The knockout genotype was confirmed by PCR and by Southern blot. The mutant BCG strain has the potential of inducing protection against tuberculosis without interfering with the diagnostic test based on the use of selected epitopes from BCG_0092.

TP53 gene polymorphism: Importance to cancer, ethnicity and birth weight in a Brazilian cohort.

Arg72Pro SNP of p53 has been associated with many types of cancer as well as with survival and longevity. We evaluated the Arg72Pro SNP frequencies of a Brazilian birth cohort and their association with current, demographic and birth epidemiological parameters available. In 1982, all hospital births of Pelotas, southern Brazil, were identified and studied prospectively. In 2004–5, blood samples were collected and DNA extracted. PCR-RFLP was used to genotype the Arg72Pro SNP in 3794 individual samples of the Brazil birth cohort and DNA sequencing was performed to confirm the genotypes. The genotype distribution, which was in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, showed a predominance of the arginine amino acid with a frequency of 46.9% Arg/Arg, 42.2% Arg/Pro and 10.9% Pro/Pro. The allele frequency was 0.68 of Arginine and 0.32 of Proline. The Arg72Pro SNP genotype and allelic frequency were related to skin colour where proline amino acid was observed more among black subjects, while arginine amino acid was observed more among white subjects. The individuals without family history of cancer and those with low birth weight were associated with arginine amino acid. The Arg72Pro SNP was strongly associated with important epidemiological variables confirming that genetic profiles on cohort studies can improve our understanding of the susceptibility of diseases and its risk factors.

NPY and sbGnRH gene expression in juvenile and adult male Brazilian flounder Paralichthys orbignyanus / Expressão gênica do NPY e do sbGnRH em machos juvenis e adultos de linguado Paralichthys orbignyanus

The objective of this study was to evaluate neuropeptide Y (NPY) and sea bream gonadotropin-release hormone (sbGnRH) gene expression in juvenile and adult males of Brazilian flounder. Hypothalamuses from fish were sampled for total RNA extraction. After cDNA synthesis, real-time PCR was used to measure gene expression. NPY showed approximately 2-fold increases in their mRNA levels while sbGnRH showed 3-fold increases in adult fish. These results suggest that these peptides could be involved on hypothalamic regulation of Brazilian flounder sexual maturation.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a expressão gênica do neuropeptídeo Y (NPY) e da variante sea bream do hormônio liberador de gonadotrofinas (sbGnRH) em linguados machos juvenis e adultos. O hipotálamo foi isolado para a extração de RNA total. Após a síntese de cDNA, a PCR em tempo real foi usada para avaliar a expressão gênica. Foi observado um aumento de aproximadamente duas vezes nos níveis de NPY e de aproximadamente três vezes nos níveis de sbGnRH nos peixes adultos. Esses resultados demonstram que estes peptídeos podem estar envolvidos na regulação, via hipotálamo, da maturação sexual no linguado.

Testis-mediated gene transfer in mice: comparison of transfection reagents regarding transgene transmission and testicular damage

Testis-mediated gene transfer (TMGT) has been used as in vivo gene transfer technology to introduce foreign DNA directly into testes, allowing mass gene transfer to offspring via mating. In this study, we used plasmid DNA (pEGFP-N1) mixed with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) or liposome (Lipofectin) in an attempt to improve TMGT. Males receiving consecutive DNA complex injections were mated to normal females to obtain F0 progeny. In vivo evaluation of EGFP expression, RT-PCR and PCR were used to detect the expression and the presence of exogenous DNA in the progeny. We also evaluated possible testicular damage by histological procedures. PC R and RT-PCR analyses revealed that liposome and DMSO increased the rate of TMGT. Histological analyses demonstrated that repeated (4 times) injections of DNA complexes can affect spermatogenesis. DMSO was the most deleterious among the reagents tested. In this study, we detected the presence of transgene in the progeny, and its expression in blood cells. Consecutive injections of DNA complexes were associated with impaired spermatogenesis, suggesting requirement of optimal conditions for DNA delivery through TMGT.

Identifi cation, tissue distribution and evaluation of brain neuropeptide Y gene expression in the Brazilian fl ounder Paralichthys orbignyanus.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is one of the most potent stimulants of food intake in vertebrates, mammals and fi sh. However, the present knowledge about feeding behaviour in fi sh is still limited and based on studies in a few species. The Brazilian fl ounder Paralichthys orbignyanus is being considered for aquaculture, and it is important to understand the mechanisms regulating feeding in order to improve its performance in captivity. The objectives of this study were to clone NPY cDNA, evaluate the mRNA levels in different tissues of fl ounder, and also evaluate brain NPY expression to associate food intake with NPY expression levels. A 597 bp NPY cDNA was cloned from Brazilian fl ounder brain. NPY expression was detected in all the peripheral tissues analysed. No signifi cant differences were observed in brain NPY gene expression over 24 h after food intake at a temperature of 15 ± 3°C. No correlation was observed among plasma glucose, total protein, cholesterol, triglycerides and NPY expression levels during this 24 h period. On the other hand, mRNA levels were increased after two weeks of fasting at elevated temperatures. Our results suggest that NPY mRNA levels in Brazilian fl ounder are affected by temperature.

Transgene transmission in South American catfi sh (Rhamdia quelen) larvae by sperm-mediated gene transfer.

The silver catfi sh (Rhamdia quelen) is an endemic American fi sh species. The sperm of each species has its own peculiarities and biological characteristics, which infl uence the success of mass DNA transfer methods. Our objective in this study was to evaluate different sperm-mediated gene transfer (SMGT) methods to obtain transgenic silver catfi sh. Different treatments for the incorporation of a foreign pEGFP plasmid group were used: (1) dehydrated/ rehydrated (DR), (2) dehydrated/rehydrated/electroporated (DRE), (3) electroporated (E), (4) incubated with seminal plasma (INC); and (5) incubated in the absence of seminal plasma (INCSP). Sperm motility, time of activity duration (TAD), fertilization rate (FR), hatching rate (HR) and sperm morphology were also evaluated. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positivity rates for the presence of the transgene were: DRE 60%; DR 40%; E 25%; INC 5% and INCSP 25%. The rates of embryo EGFP expression were: DRE 63%; DR 44%; E 34%; INC 8% and INCSP 38%. The fertilization rate in the control and DRE treatments groups were higher than in the DR group, but the E, INC and INCSP treatment groups had the lowest rate. The hatching rates of the DRE, DR and control groups were higher than in the INCSP, INC and E treatment groups (P>0.05). There were no differences among the DRE and DR, E and DR, E and INCSP groups in expression and PCR positivity rates of enhanced green fl uorescent protein (EGFP) in embryos. Scanning electron microscopy also did not show any change in sperm morphology among treatment groups. To the best of our knowledge, this is the fi rst report on transgene transmission of exogenous DNA into silver catfi sh larvae through SMGT technology.

Stable expression of Leptospira interrogans antigens in auxotrophic Mycobacterium bovis BCG

Mycobacterium bovis BCG has been proposed as an effective live vector for multivalent vaccines. The development of mycobacterial genetic systems to express foreign antigens and the adjuvanticity of BCG are the basis for the potential use of this attenuated mycobacterium as a recombinant vaccine vector. Stable plasmid vectors without antibiotic resistance markers are needed for heterologous antigen expression in BCG. Our group recently described the construction of a BCG expression system using auxotrophic complementation as a selectable marker. In this work, LipL32 and LigAni antigens of Leptospira interrogans were cloned and expressed in M. bovis BCG Pasteur and in the auxotrophic M. bovis BCG ΔleuD strains under the control of the M. leprae 18kDa promoter. Stability of the plasmids during in vitro growth and after inoculation of the recombinant BCG strains in hamsters was compared. The auxotrophic complementation system was highly stable, even during in vivo growth, as the selective pressure was maintained, whereas the conventional vector was unstable in the absence of selective pressure. These results confirm the usefulness of the new expression system, which represents a huge improvement over previously described expression systems for the development of BCG into an effective vaccine vector.

Isolation and characterization of Leptospira interrogans from pigs slaughtered in São Paulo State, Brazil / Isolamento e caracterização de Leptospira interrogans de suínos abatidos no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

With the aim of isolating Leptospira spp., blood serum, kidney, liver and genital tract of 137 female swine (40 sows and 97 gilts) and also urine samples from 22 sows were collected in a slaughterhouse in the State of São Paulo, from April 2003 to August 2004. Four isolates were obtained from animals that presented microagglutination test (MAT) titers > 100 for the serovar Pomona and one was obtained from an animal negative by MAT in which Leptospira was isolated from the liver and reproductive tract. The presence of leptospiral DNA was investigated by PCR, and positive results were found in kidneys of 11 females, liver of two, genital tract of two and urine of one of them. Nephrosis, interstitial multifocal nephritis, moderate to severe changing, hyalines cylinders and hemorrhagic focuses, hepatic and uterine horns congestion were histological lesions observed in higher frequency in animals positive for leptospira. The silver impregnation (Warthin Starry) confirmed the presence of spirochetes in renal tubules of four females with positive leptospira cultures from kidneys. The serogroup of the five isolates was identified as Pomona by cross agglutination with reference polyclonal antibodies. Molecular characterization of the isolates was carried out by variable-number tandem-repeats analysis. All the isolates revealed a pattern distinct from the L. interrogans Pomona type strain, but identical to a previously identified pattern from strains isolated in Argentina belonging to serovar Pomona.

Amostras de soro sanguíneo, rim, fígado e trato genital de 137 fêmeas suínas (40 matrizes e 97 marrãs) e de urina de 22 matrizes foram colhidas em abatedouro no Estado de São Paulo, no período de abril de 2003 a agosto de 2004 tendo como objetivo o isolamento de Leptospira spp. Quatro estirpes foram isoladas de animais que apresentaram títulos, no teste de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM) > 100, para o sorovar Pomona e de um animal, não reagente na SAM, em que houve isolamento de leptospiras do fígado e aparelho reprodutor. A presença do DNA de leptospira foi investigada pela técnica da PCR e foram observados resultados positivos nos rins de 11 fêmeas, no fígado de duas, no aparelho reprodutor de duas e na urina de uma delas. Nefrose, nefrite intersticial multifocal variando de moderada a severa, cilindros hialinos e focos hemorrágicos, congestão hepática e de cornos uterinos foram lesões histológicas evidenciadas com freqüência mais alta em animais positivos para leptospira. A impregnação argêntica (Warthin Starry) confirmou a presença de espiroquetas nos túbulos renais das quatro fêmeas onde houve cultura positiva para leptospiras dos rins. O sorogrupo dos cinco isolados foi identificado como Pomona pela técnica de aglutinação cruzada com anticorpos policlonais de referência. A caracterização molecular dos isolados foi realizada pela análise do número variável de repetições em tandem (VNTR). Os mesmos revelaram um padrão distinto da estirpe padrão de L. interrogans sorovar Pomona, porém idêntico a um padrão previamente identificado em estirpes isoladas na Argentina, pertencentes ao sorovar Pomona.

Desenvolvimento e avaliação de novas estratégias de imunização contra colibacilose suína / Development and evaluation of new strategies for immunization against swine colibacillosis

Colibacilose suína causada por Escherichia coli enterotoxigênica continua sendo um dos principais problemas sanitários na criação de suínos. A tecnologia do DNA recombinante proporciona a possibilidade de desenvolvimento de novas estratégias de imunização. Neste trabalho é descrito o desenvolvimento de uma vacina de subunidade através da produção e purificação da proteína FaeC da fímbria de E. coli K88. O gene que codifica este antígeno foi amplificado por PCR e clonado em um vetor de expressão em E. coli, fusionado a uma cauda de histidinas. A proteína recombinante expressa por esta bactéria foi purificada, e depois de quantificada foi utilizada para imunizar camundongos. Paralelamente a isso, o mesmo gene foi clonado no vetor de expressão em célula eucariótica, introduzindo a seqüência de Kozak para favorecer a tradução deste gene em células musculares. O plasmídio resultante, denominado pUP310, foi produzido em larga escala e também utilizado na imunização de camundongos. A resposta imune induzida por ambas formas de imunizações foi monitorada por ELISA, onde o antígeno utilizado foi a proteína FaeC purificada. Houve indução de resposta imune nos camundongos inoculados com pUP310 e FaeC purificada. Foi possível detectar anticorpos anti-FaeC 42 dias após a primeira inoculação e este título foi aumentando, sendo ainda detectável 7 meses após a primeira inoculação. Conclui-se que pUP310 e FaeC recombinante são candidatos potenciais para imunização de suínos contra E. coli K88.

Leptospirosis diagnosis using Nested-PCR

A leptospirose constitui um problema sanitário de importância mundial. Esta doença caracteriza-se por apresentar sintomas muito parecidos com os de outras doenças como a dengue e a gripe e, clinicamente é difícil de distingui-las. Técnicas de diagnóstico da leptospirose atualmente disponíveis apresentam baixa sensibilidade e ou especificidade. Por isso, tem havido um grande esforço no sentido de desenvolver testes rápidos e eficientes, baseados em técnicas de biologia molecular. Este trabalho objetivou a avaliação e otimização do Nested-PCR, para o diagnóstico de leptospirose. Para isso foi desenhado um par de primers que amplifica uma região de 264 pb do gene LipL32. A sensibilidade e especificidade do teste foram avaliadas utilizando 7 sorovares saprófitas e 35 sorovares patogênicos. Este PCR mostrou-se específico para leptospiras patogênicas, porém a sensibilidade não foi muito alta. Com o objetivo de melhorar a sensibilidade do teste , foi desenhado outro par de primers que amplifica uma região de 183 pb do gene LipL32, interna a de 264 pb para a realização do Nested-PCR. Nesta reação foi utilizado como DNA molde o produto da primeira amplificação. O Nested-PCR mostrou-se mais sensível que o PCR normal, pois foi capaz de detectar um baixo número de células bacterianas.

In vitro propagation of Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae) / Propagação in vitro de Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae) - DOI: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v25i2.2034

Ocimum basilicum L. (sweet basil), of the family Lamiaceae, is rich in aromatic essential oils and valuable for its pharmaceutical, aromatic and culinary properties. The present study describes the procedure for micropropagation of O. basilicum using cotiledonary leafs from in vitro geminated plants. Cotyledons from in vitro germinated seeds were used as initial explants, put in MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) medium with 0.2mg.L-1 NAA (1-Naphthalene acetic acid) in combination with 05mg.L-1 BAP(6-Benzyl aminopurine) and kept at 28 ± 1ºC, 16-h light photoperiod and 48µmol.m-2.s-1 luminous density flow, for 45 days. The highest efficiency of shoot formation after 45 days occurred in the medium containing 5mg.L-1 BAP and 0,2mg.L-1 NAA. The presence of NAA inhibited root formation, when combined with different concentrations of cytokinin (BAP, 1 to 5mg.L-1). Higher BAP concentrations induced an increase in the number of explants with shoots and a higher number of shoots/cotyledon

Ocimum basilicum L. (manjericão) pertencente à família das Lamiaceae é rico em óleos essenciais aromáticos e valorizado por suas propriedades farmacêuticas, aromáticas e culinárias. Neste trabalho descrevemos o procedimento para micropropagação de O. basilicum utilizando cotilédones de sementes germinadas in vitro. Estas foram utilizadas como explante inicial, colocadas em meio MS (Murashige e /skoog, 1962), com 0,2mg.L-1 de ANA em combinação com BAP nas variações de 05mg.L-1 e mantidas à 28 ± 1C, fotoperíodo de 16h de luz e densidade de fluxo luminoso de 48µmol.m-2.s-1 por 45 dias. Maior eficiência na formação de brotos foi obtida utilizando 5mg.L-1 BAP e 0,2mg.L-1 ANA. A presença de ANA inibiu a formação de raízes quando combinada com diferentes concentrações de citocinina (BAP, 1 a 5mg.L-1). Altas concentrações de BAP induziram aumento no número de explantes com brotos e no número de brotos/cotilédone

Leptospirosis diagnosis using Nested-PCR

Leptospirosis is a worldwide sanitary problem. Its clinical signs resemble that of other diseases like Dengue and Flu, and it is difficult to distinguish between them. Currently available diagnostic methods shown low sensitivity and specificity. Efforts have been made to develop simpler, faster and more efficient diagnostic methods. The aim of this work was to evaluate and optimize a Nested-PCR method for diagnosis of leptospirosis. Primers were designed to amplify a 264 bp region within the LipL32 gene. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay was evaluated using seven saprophytic serovars and 35 pathogenic serovars. This technique showed to be very specific for pathogenic serovars, however it lacked sensitivity. In order to enhance the sensitivity, another primer pair was designed which amplify a 183 bp region within the 264 bp region in lipL32 gene, and used in a Nested-PCR assay. This approach was much more sensitive than traditional PCR.

A leptospirose constitui um problema sanitário de importância mundial. Esta doença caracteriza-se por apresentar sintomas muito parecidos com os de outras doenças como a dengue e a gripe e, clinicamente é difícil de distingui-las. Técnicas de diagnóstico da leptospirose atualmente disponíveis apresentam baixa sensibilidade e ou especificidade. Por isso, tem havido um grande esforço no sentido de desenvolver testes rápidos e eficientes, baseados em técnicas de biologia molecular. Este trabalho objetivou a avaliação e otimização do Nested-PCR, para o diagnóstico de leptospirose. Para isso foi desenhado um par de primers que amplifica uma região de 264 pb do gene LipL32. A sensibilidade e especificidade do teste foram avaliadas utilizando 7 sorovares saprófitas e 35 sorovares patogênicos. Este PCR mostrou-se específico para leptospiras patogênicas, porém a sensibilidade não foi muito alta. Com o objetivo de melhorar a sensibilidade do teste , foi desenhado outro par de primers que amplifica uma região de 183 pb do gene LipL32, interna a de 264 pb para a realização do Nested-PCR. Nesta reação foi utilizado como DNA molde o produto da primeira amplificação. O Nested-PCR mostrou-se mais sensível que o PCR normal, pois foi capaz de detectar um baixo número de células bacterianas.